Six Problems to Be Noted in Firefighting and Rescue in China

First, what should we do when a fire breaks out? 1, the police; 2, evacuation, rescue, fire fighting; 3, security alert and protection; 4, after treatment.

(I) Problems to be Noted When Using Protective Equipment

At present, the personal protective equipment used by the national fire brigade is divided into two categories: one is for firefighters personal protective equipment for breathing, such as air breathing apparatus, oxygen breathing apparatus, mobile air supply source, comprehensive filtration tank, etc.; It is personal protective clothing for firefighters. Protective clothing is divided into two major categories of fire fighting and anti-chemical. Fire-fighting points: fire escape suits, thermal insulation suits, and ordinary combat suits; anti-chemical divisions: built-in heavy-duty chemical protective suits, enclosed chemical protective clothing, and simple chemical protective clothing. Such protective equipment must pay attention to:

1. In the case of poor visibility, wear protective equipment and attack personnel can not act alone to prevent poisoning and accidents. At the same time, we must organize scientifically, rotate jobs, and maintain communication with the outside world. In addition to the internal attack team, the headquarters should consider the responding team to wear protective gear in case of an emergency to cope with the group emergency rescue.

2. Before entering the smoke toxic environment, wear protective equipment in time, and don't wear it after the concentration is high. Especially in the dangerous area, you must not take any personal protective equipment conveniently, comfortably, and casually. When using it, pay attention to the function and breathing. During use, it is necessary to prevent the mask from leaking due to collision wear and extrusion. If the residual pressure alarm is found to have been used, it should be quickly evacuated from the disaster area.

3. Personal protective equipment must be carefully inspected, cleaned, disinfected and maintained after use. Regularly test the cylinders for water pressure and other relevant data and airtightness of the mask, and mark the date when the test passes. Protective clothing should be cleaned in time, and dry on the drying rack, prohibited from sun exposure.

4, the correct choice protective equipment. If underground rescue operations are used for a long time, oxygen respirators should be used as much as possible. Integrated filter tanks can prevent various types of toxic gases including military poisons, but they must not be used in air where the oxygen concentration is lower than 17%.

5. Wear protective clothing correctly. If the personnel must pass through the fire zone, they must wear fire suits. When entering the internal closing valve, plugging must be done with built-in heavy chemical protective clothing. Persons entering the affected area must wear enclosed chemical protective clothing.

6, to strengthen protective equipment maintenance and pre-use inspection. In peacetime, it is necessary to strengthen the maintenance and the maintenance of breathing apparatus. Before use, it is necessary to conduct a serious inspection to ensure that the appearance of the breathing apparatus is not damaged or cracked, the instrument alarm is normal, the mask is airtight, and the vacuum packaging of the comprehensive filter tank is not damaged. Before use, protective clothing must be inspected for completeness and ease of use, especially if the gas tightness of the chemical protective clothing is complete.

7, the use of breathing apparatus must perform the registration process. Cylinder pressure, entering time, number of entering, working hours are carefully registered. Where conditions permit, it is better to use the air respirator to use the registration card, so that the commander can grasp and understand the use of the gas cylinder of the combatant in time so that the order can be issued in time and the danger zone can be withdrawn.

(II) Issues that should be noted during the on-site disposal of special accidents

1, in the disposal of vehicle accidents, pay attention to the cooling protection of the fuel tank to curb the explosion, especially in the demolition rescue life, try to use the anti-explosion removal tools, or the use of fog water to cover, prevent fuel tank caused by demolition Explosion combustion.

2. The strength of the building after the explosion is greatly reduced, and attention must be paid when climbing. When entering a collapsed house to search for victims, there should be special persons to monitor the dangers, organize them closely, and immediately report anomalies and immediately evacuate. In the event of a rescue accident at the scene of a house collapse accident, as soon as conditions permit, reinforcement of the components that are liable to fall should be reinforced to prevent the second collapse and the occurrence of secondary disasters.

3. When combusting ships and underground space fires, comprehensive filtration tanks must not be used. Air or oxygen breathing apparatus must be used. Many people carry lifesaving lighting lines and guide ropes. When there are many turns, additional protection points are provided to prevent the rope from getting stuck. Lost in an accident. In particular, marks should be made after on-site reconnaissance, and the main characteristics of the reconnaissance range should be kept in mind to prevent repetitive reconnaissance. Reconnaissance is required to proceed in the unclear environment such as smoke, and it is necessary to move forward or left or enter the right or left. When opening the door and window, the temperature of the back of the door and window should be detected and slowly opened to prevent “flashover” phenomenon and high temperature burns. At the same time to prevent access to the rear door lock self-closing. If necessary, water gun shots can be used to protect the fire point and conduct reconnaissance. When it is found that there is a danger of explosion, it should be cooled rapidly. In underground buildings where flammable materials are stored, after the open flame is extinguished, it is necessary to continue cooling for a period of time so as to prevent heat from spreading due to poor ventilation.

4. To prevent electric shock or step voltage during the fire extinguishing of an appliance or in the process of extinguishing an electrical installation. It is forbidden to use direct current water guns to directly attack bare electrical equipment and high voltage wires without protective measures. When ascending the vehicle and the personnel in the ascent operation, it is necessary to prevent the damage caused by the overhead high-voltage lines or outdoor bare wires. In the event of a demolition, attention should be paid to the safety of the electric wires. If necessary, safety cordon should be set down in advance and security warning posts should be set. For the items to be dismantled, attention should be paid to throwing and preventing injuries to others. Especially when fighting an electrical equipment fire, it is generally necessary to cut off the power supply first, and not to extinguish the fire. If it is necessary to extinguish the fire, the spray water flow should be used. If you use DC current, you must wear protective equipment, such as insulated gloves, insulated boots, etc., according to the level of voltage when shooting water, to protect a certain safety distance to prevent electric shock.

(III) Problems to be Paid Attention to in Forest Fire Fighting

1. When extinguishing a fire in a bush, you must wear a helmet with a protective mask. If necessary, pick up the tool or lift your arm to cover your face. This prevents sharp points, sharp leaves, or The vines rub against the face.

2. There must be a certain distance between the firefighters who lead the team in front and the people behind them in order to prevent the impact from turning around or touching the trees. At the same time, communication between the front and rear must be maintained.

3. Try not to enter the shrubbery or genus of typha in your head. This will reduce your sight. If the wind direction changes, you are in danger of being submerged in the bush.

4. In the process of fighting a jungle fire, when the wind direction changes frequently, the safest place is a plot that has been extinguished and turned black. If your location is about to be surrounded by a fire and it is impossible to evacuate, you can choose to burn a vacant lot in the vicinity, and then lie on the burned open area and wait for the fire to evacuate.

5, firefighters to save the jungle fire should be attacked from the side of the combustion, that is, from the side between the combustion of the front and back to save. In order to prevent the occurrence of small bush fires, some of the fires sealed the way out. Because those who are burned are often trying to run faster than the burning fire, and the result is caught up by the fire. Or a sudden jungle fire surrounds them and they are caught off guard and caught in the flames.

(4) Issues that should be noted when the atmosphere of the masses on the spot is tense

1. In firefighting and rescue operations, when firefighters and fighters encounter unreasonable disturbances and disturbances in order to siege and smash staff, they must first behave in a civilized manner and speak with dispassion. They must be serious and calm. If you do not fight back, you will not repay it, promptly discourage it, point out its mistakes, and provide education depending on the circumstances. However, do not entangle the scene for a long time to prevent the situation from expanding. When influencing the order and discouraging the effectiveness of the law, it shall promptly notify the public security department to give serious treatment;

2. At the special scene where the firefighters could not attack at once, some onlookers did not understand the fire tactics used by the fire commanders, and they were not clear about the advantages and disadvantages of the fire source conditions and the burning of material properties, and they stubbornly demanded “fire suppression”. However, on the actual fire scene, sometimes due to the influence of comprehensive factors, a small number of fires can hardly be extinguished. At this time, there will be some onlookers who whisper, gesticulate, ridicule, sarcasm, satire, and even fire commanders. In the event that the masses at the scene cannot understand the action plan and are emotionally excited, the firefighters cannot talk coldly and scold sarcasm, but must patiently explain the civilized language; on the other hand, they must be calm and calm and cannot be controlled by the bad words and actions of the crowd. Even more, emotions cannot be followed blindly and recklessly to prevent loss of soldiers in combat operations.

(5) Problems to be Solved in the Disposition of Chemical Hazardous Materials

1. Establish commanding forces and strengthen unified command. Disposal of chemical disasters must be strengthened with unified command, especially for complex processes with large areas of explosive combustion, large-area leakage, and dangerous places where dangers occur at any time. We must also pay attention to science, plan carefully, organize closely, analyze calmly, listen to experts, and With regard to the opinions of technical personnel, we must rationally arrange disaster relief forces. The reconnaissance and rescue personnel entering the first-line danger zone should be as concise as possible, and no ordinary chemical fiber products should be worn inside or outside. Strictly prevent the use of large-armed regiments to enter close combat to prevent major casualties. When entering the fire and explosion area for reconnaissance and relocation, use two or more water guns as cover and pick them up from different water separators to prevent accidental injury due to water supply interruption. All fire sources are prohibited in the warning area, such as on-site electrical facilities, vehicle exhaust, handheld radios, speakers, general camera equipment, video cameras, and mobile phones.

2, the correct choice of parking location. Rescue vehicles on the spot should choose to park in a safe position. The front of the vehicle should be in a direction that facilitates retreat. It must not stop on the trench and under the overhead pipe, but must stop at the upper or windward side. Frontier positions should be fully deployed using topographical features from the upwind or sideward winds. At the same time, in the disposal of flammable liquids and flammable gas accidents on the scene, we must be careful to prevent “tempering” and “resurgence” causing casualties.

3. Strengthen personal protection. When a firefighter enters a toxic area, he must wear an air respirator and wear protective clothing, chemical protective clothing or thermal insulation clothing. While cutting off the gas source, use the openings of doors and windows, dismantle the structure or use ventilation equipment to eliminate toxic gases, and spray water can also be used to disperse toxic gases to prevent poisoning. For toxic liquids scattered on the ground, diversion methods can be adopted to prevent diversion. The inspection of poisonous and flammable gases must be timely, and warning signs must be set clearly when warnings are issued, and irrelevant personnel are strictly prohibited from entering the warning area. When dealing with toxic, corrosive, and phosphorus chemical dangerous goods, it is necessary to prevent splashing on the human body to cause poisoning, corrosion and burns.

4. Take the correct fire extinguishing method. When extinguishing gas or flammable liquids in a fire, firefighters must stand in the upper wind or crosswind method, and be in a high or low position. When the gas is heavier than air, it must stand high and when the gas lighter than air diffuses, To stand on the low side, take a squatting shot, smashing, or smashing. Try to disperse gas clouds and prevent explosions. When entering the gas area, wear an oxygen breathing apparatus and tighten the legs and cuffs to prevent studs and sparks from breaking. Extinguishing pressure cylinder fires should be on both sides of the cylinder to avoid or reduce the degree of damage during the explosion. For combustible gas fires, except for the need for cooling and protection, do not blindly extinguish the water without adequate blocking.

5, the correct choice of plugging tools. Carbon steel plates and boring heads that can generate sparks must not be used. Non-sparking tools such as copper-antimony alloys should be used, and safety measures should be strengthened. Move the explosives gently, and prevent explosions caused by shocks and vibrations.

6. Establish observation posts and strengthen on-site observation. When flammable liquid storage tanks, containers, reactors and other equipment are in fire, an observation post shall be set up, and attention shall be paid to observing changes in the fire pits and sounds. It is found that the light trapping is white, the wall of the tank or the container wall is oscillating, and a “嘶嘶” is issued. When you are in the ring, you should quickly evacuate the site. When you are unable to evacuate, you should quickly fall down. At the same time, you should also pay attention to preventing accidents such as continuous explosions, system explosions, and oil spills. When the flow of liquid diversion is stopped, it must be thoroughly prevented to prevent dispersion and injury. When fighting a horizontal tank fire, do not stand at both ends of the storage system to prevent explosions and injuries. In the event of disposal of large-scale chemical plants, facilities, oil tanks and other accidents, technical personnel of the accident unit shall be required to promptly assist. The on-off valve is operated by the technical personnel of the accident unit as far as possible, and the firemen pay attention to assisting the cover.

7. Take effective disposal measures. When fighting a fire on an explosive item, choose a low-lying position, take a prone position or use a bunker with a strong object nearby. When fighting a dusty or dusty place, it is necessary to prevent dust from flying and causing explosions. In particular, when fighting an aluminum fire, you must not open doors and windows at random, so as to avoid the formation of a hallway wind to cause aluminum powder to fly, causing explosions and hurting people, and not to use carbon dioxide or dry powder. 1211 pressure extinguishers such as fire extinguishers to prevent dust explosion and explosion.

8, strengthen the decontamination. Clean up and disinfect contaminated personnel, vehicles and equipment and prevent secondary pollution.

(6) Issues to be noted in the process of building fire suppression

1. Firefighters who are on the roof, on the fire floor, or entering the boring fire should not concentrate. They should walk steadily and use the “previous imaginary reality” to avoid stepping down and hurting people. When extinguishing a fire on a steeply-sloped roof, the foot must step on a load-bearing structure such as a roof ridge and bend over to use the lumbar axe to explore, support or use a mount. Between the burning floor or the floor above and below it, take a position close to or facing the wall, because the smoke, heat and flame rise vertically along the stairwell, and by the wall you can reduce the damage to people. If you go into a room, foyer or other place full of smoke and heat above the burning area, be sure to prevent flashovers behind you, find a window as your second escape, or bring light before entering this area. Ladder or safety rope for retreat.

2. After the fire has been controlled, firefighters must be systematically deepened when the need to extinguish the residual fire and further search for trapped persons are required. The number of searchers must be strictly controlled. Especially when entering residual fires and search personnel inside a building that has been burned for a long time, it is necessary to first understand, observe, and anticipate whether the internal structure of the building has collapsed, and at the same time, consider the withdrawal route and escape in the event of a dangerous situation. method. In particular, when it is determined that the victim has died, and because of subjective conditions, and it is difficult to ensure the safety of the danger zone, do not venture into the danger zone to seek trouble.

3. When a building fire is extinguished, according to the fire-resistant limit of the building components and the duration of the fire or high temperature effect of the components, and through the reconnaissance of the fire site to judge the changes of the structure and components and the related conditions, whether there is danger of collapse. Secondly, when attacking the organization, it is necessary to spray the offensive channel up and down with water guns to observe whether there is any abnormality.

4, water gun position should pay attention to choose a good line of sight, easy to operate, advance and retreat freely and large room for maneuver, should be based on a solid structure or barrier, such as doors and windows, outside the top of the stairs and so on. Fire trucks, water separators, and water guns are used for water discharge or water shutoff. The pressure increase and decrease operations must be slow, and the water hose breaks or the water gunners overturn causing casualties. However, it is not possible to draw too much water on the building floor for a long time to prevent a large amount of accumulated water, increase the load and accelerate the collapse of the house.