Shale gas is natural gas contained in the shale system. It is composed of coalbed methane and tight sandstone gas, which constitutes three unconventional natural gas. It is a clean new energy resource. According to the Ministry of Land and Resources, the world's shale gas resources are 456 trillion cubic meters, which is equivalent to conventional natural gas, mainly distributed in North America, Central Asia, West Asia, North Africa, Latin America and the former Soviet Union. Currently in the United States, the development of shale gas has profoundly changed its energy structure. From 2005 to 2010, relying on large-scale development of shale gas, the United States became the world's largest natural gas producer in only five years. According to this trend, the United States, which has always relied on energy imports, is likely to become a natural gas exporter. After the United States, many countries have placed high expectations on the shale gas industry. Including China, it has begun to promote the development of domestic shale gas development technology and formulate relevant strategies and policies. So, for the emerging energy power China, can it replicate the success of the United States? What challenges are faced with China's own shale gas development strategy? Compared with conventional natural gas, the US energy savior is more difficult to mine and the cost is higher. For a long time, the industry believed that shale gas could not be mined on a large scale. However, since the 1990s, with the improvement of horizontal drilling technology and fracturing technology and the combined application, the huge potential and economy of shale gas have gradually been recognized by the industry. Just a few years ago, the United States also spent huge sums of money to build large-scale facilities such as docks and storage tanks for the import of LNG. Today, American oil and gas companies have discovered huge reserves of shale gas fields in their home countries, and large-scale mining production technology is also maturing. . Thanks to the large-scale production of shale gas, the United States replaced Russia in 2010 and became the world's largest natural gas producer. The huge increase in shale gas extraction is expected to reduce the dependence of the United States on imported oil and ultimately achieve self-sufficiency in energy and become a net exporter of LNG. According to the US Energy Information Administration, US foreign dependence on oil has dropped from 60.3% in 2005 to 45% in 2011. In the next decade, the United States plans to cut oil imports by another one-third. It is expected that US energy comprehensive self-sufficiency in 2035 The rate will reach 87%. The shale reservoir has superior geological conditions, rich shale oil and gas resources, geological understanding and development technology for unconventional natural gas accumulated in the conventional natural gas development process, mature natural gas gathering and transportation network, and recent development of shale gas. Technological innovations and breakthroughs in horizontal wells and multi-stage fracturing technologies are important factors in the success of US shale gas development. At the same time, the US government has introduced supporting policies for the development of unconventional natural gas. The active participation of small and medium-sized professional companies has attracted a large amount of foreign capital, as well as mature capital markets and financing channels, which have created a very favorable development for the accelerated development of shale gas. The external conditions have made the development of shale gas in the United States quickly achieve good results in the short term, and it is unique in the field of unconventional oil and gas development in the world. The success of the development of shale gas in the United States has brought about changes in the world's energy landscape and has also stimulated interest in the development of shale gas in other countries. In addition to the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, France, Sweden, Poland and other countries have begun shale gas research and exploration and development. According to the 2012 BP World Energy Statistics, the net global primary energy growth in 2011 came from emerging economies, and only one country in China contributed 71% of the global energy increase. In 2011, China's total primary energy consumption reached 2613 million tons of oil equivalent, up 8.8% year-on-year, making it the world's largest energy consumer. China's primary energy structure is still dominated by coal, with less than 5% natural gas and a global average of 24%. According to BP World Energy Statistics 2012, in the last five years, with the economic growth and living standards, the absolute value of China's annual natural gas consumption has increased significantly (about 20%). In 2011, natural gas consumption reached 130.7 billion. Cubic meters, one of the world's largest gas consumption countries. However, compared with the overall growth of China's energy consumption, natural gas supply has not seen significant growth. Some analysts believe that if the huge domestic shale gas reserves can be utilized, it can reduce the dependence on imported energy in the long run. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel, generating not only about 45% less carbon dioxide than coal, but also turning it on and off at will, reducing energy consumption. As an important supplement to conventional natural gas, the exploration and development of shale gas is conducive to improving China's energy structure. Especially for the southern part of the industrial economy with strong energy demand and strong energy demand, the research on accelerating shale gas has important energy geology and social economy. significance. In the past five years, China's natural gas production has grown by an average of about 12% per year. In 2011, annual natural gas production reached 102.5 billion cubic meters. From the perspective of natural gas consumption and supply in 2011, the gap is 28.2 billion cubic meters, and this gap is expected to increase year by year. From the perspective of industrial demand, increasing clean energy supply and reducing carbon emissions, the Chinese government has recognized the importance of vigorously developing the natural gas industry. On the basis of continuing to develop conventional natural gas, it also seeks coalbed methane, shale gas, tight gas, etc. The development of unconventional natural gas. China's potential for shale gas According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2011 study of 48 shale gas basins in 32 countries, the global shale gas technology recoverable resources amounted to 6622 trillion cubic feet, of which China's 1275 trillion. The cubic feet of recoverable resources rank first in the world, followed by the United States and Argentina, with technically recoverable resources of 862 trillion cubic feet and 774 trillion cubic feet. In addition, Mexico, South Africa, Canada, Libya, Algeria, Brazil, Poland and France are rich in shale gas resources. China's shale gas resource evaluation believes that shale gas resources are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi and other provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities), accounting for these seven provinces, districts and municipalities. Nearly 70% of the total shale gas resources in the country. According to the National Development and Reform Commission's 2011-2015 rock gas development plan, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, the proven shale gas geological reserves will be 600 billion cubic meters, the recoverable reserves will be 200 billion cubic meters, and the shale gas production will reach 6.5 billion in 2015. Cubic meters, strive to reach 60 billion to 100 billion cubic meters in 2020. China's shale gas industry is still in its infancy, with limited exploration activities and less technical information available. So far, the Ministry of Land and Resources has only conducted a shale gas tender. In July 2011, bidding was conducted on four Sichuan and Guizhou blocks. The scope of the tender was limited to six companies including PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC, China United Coalbed Methane, Shanxi Extension and Henan Coalbed Methane Company. Sinopec and Henan coalbed methane won two blocks in Nanchuan and Xiushan, and the other two blocks were aborted due to lack of bidders. As the country pays more and more attention to shale gas resources, industry experts believe that the shale gas block bidding conditions may be gradually relaxed in the future. According to reports, in order to accelerate the realization of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" goal, the second round of exploration rights for shale gas in China will be launched in the near future. More than 70 enterprises have expressed their intentions, and one third of them are private enterprises. In December 2011, the State Council approved shale gas as China's new independent mineral and became China's 172th mineral. Considering the characteristics of shale gas and the progress of shale gas exploration and exploitation in China and foreign experience, the Ministry of Land and Resources manages shale gas as an independent mineral. In recent years, the Ministry of Land and Resources has taken the lead in the investigation and evaluation of the potential of shale gas resources and the related work of the favorable areas, and has made important progress. Some Chinese energy companies have also conducted useful explorations in exploration and development technologies in areas where shale is concentrated. At the same time, domestic research institutes set up specialized institutions to study the formation mechanism, enrichment rules, storage and storage conditions of shale gas. Six factors restricting shale gas The challenges facing shale gas development in China are: First, the understanding of geological laws and accumulation patterns is limited. For China, which is still in the initial stage of shale gas development, the scale and importance of shale gas exploration cannot be compared with conventional oil and gas. Compared with the United States, China's shale formations have many types such as marine sediments and marine-continental interactions. They are more complex and buried deeper. The industry's understanding of shale formations is still limited, and it is impossible to copy the successful experience of the United States. However, China's shale is widely distributed and its potential should be large. Second, drilling and development technologies are limited. The successful development of shale gas in the United States was achieved through a multi-stage hydraulic fracturing technique using a dense drilling machine. Although China has accumulated some drilling and fracturing technologies in the development of coalbed methane and tight gas in the past, it lacks experience in the multi-stage fracturing technology unique to shale gas development, and lacks the talents to master these technologies. This situation may improve as China's shale gas development efforts increase and Chinese companies' experience in accumulating shale gas projects overseas increases. In addition, compared with the United States, China's water resources are relatively scarce, and the key technology for the successful development of shale gas, hydraulic fracturing, requires the use of large amounts of water. How to obtain and effectively use water resources is also an important issue to be considered in the development of shale gas. In addition, China's mining rights overlap problem has also restricted the development of shale gas. At present, China's unconventional resource exploitation activities still follow the conventional oil and gas management methods, and the Ministry of Land and Resources has uniformly issued exploration and mining licenses. Preliminary data show that China's shale gas distribution is more overlapping in conventional oil and gas basins, and the mining rights of conventional oil and gas exploration are basically owned by national companies, which will impose more restrictions on the competition of shale gas development industry. The policies and regulations of the shale gas industry are still not perfect. The shale gas industry is an emerging industry in China. To promote industrial health and sustainable development, the government also needs to introduce some preferential support policies and environmental protection policies, such as financial subsidies and tax incentives to encourage shale gas development, while at the same time The relevant restrictions should also be introduced. In the initial stage of shale gas development, domestic capital investment is still far from enough, and the investment subject is also relatively single. Compared with conventional oil and gas and coalbed methane, foreign capital introduction in the field of shale gas development is also less. Only a few international oil companies such as Shell and Exxon Mobil have conducted joint research and cooperative exploration with Chinese oil companies. The construction of the pipe network has just started. China has built some natural gas transportation trunk lines, but the areas where unconventional natural gas is distributed are very limited, and there is a lack of branch network. Most of these pipelines are concentrated and operated by national oil companies, which is not conducive to the effective use of shale gas resources. . The total length of natural gas pipelines in the United States exceeds 500,000 kilometers and is spread throughout the states and is operated by independent pipeline companies, so that the gathering pipelines can be organically coordinated with upstream development. China's natural gas pipelines are only one-tenth the length of the United States. The success of the US “Shale Gas Revolution†has benefited from long-term energy strategic planning. While China's shale gas is still in its infancy, it is not expected to achieve a huge commercial breakthrough in the short term. However, in recent years, the domestic shale gas field has also made some progress. For example, the 2011-2015 shale gas development plan has been formulated at the national level, which provides useful guidance for the investigation and evaluation of shale gas resources, scientific and technological research, and exploration and development. In terms of scientific research, in 2010, the National Energy Shale Gas R&D (Experimental) Center has settled in the Langfang Branch of the China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute. This is the first scientific research institution specializing in shale gas development in China. Recently, the Energy Development Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission also stated that it is necessary to actively promote the diversification of investment entities in the field of shale gas exploration and development, formulate industry access standards, and encourage eligible capital investment in shale gas development, for shale gas development. This should be a positive signal. Although China's shale gas development still has a big gap with the United States, it also faces many challenges, but it benefits from better resource conditions, the attention of the state and the government, the active participation of oil companies, and the experience of foreign cooperation. We have reason to look forward to the good prospects for future shale gas development.
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