Abstract The origin of the global pottery industry has three major regions in history: East Asia, West Asia, North Africa, Europe, and the United States. The American ceramics industry has been independently and slowly discovered before Columbus discovered the American mainland. East Asian ceramics is mainly China's source and core constantly moving to the periphery...
The origin of the global pottery industry has three major regions in history: East Asia, West Asia, North Africa, Europe, and the United States. The American ceramics industry has been independently and slowly discovered before Columbus discovered the American mainland. East Asian ceramics is mainly China's source and core continue to spread to the surrounding heat South, North Korea (Koryo), Japan and Southeast Asia. The development of medieval European ceramics was mainly influenced by China and West Asia. Initially, the Arabs introduced Islamic pottery into Italy via Spain, and developed a unique style of tin glazed porcelain in Italy. The porcelain technology crossed the Alps in France. Tin glazed soft porcelain appeared until the 17th century Dutch tin glazed pottery was famous for imitation of Chinese blue and white and multicolored. The medieval European porcelain was developed under the influence of Islamic pottery and Chinese porcelain.
Focus on the development pattern of global ceramic industry
Although many places in the pottery world were produced thousands of years ago, porcelain was recognized as the invention of the Chinese. Since the 14th century, the Eastern and Western ceramic trades have caused a large loss of silver due to the huge trade deficit in Europe. In order to increase the wealth of the country, the European countries in the 18th century have stepped up the development of ceramics. The earliest porcelain in Europe was produced at the Meissen plant in Germany, and the porcelain technology spread to Italy, Britain and France.
Japanese ceramic industry In 1616, the Japanese naturalist Li Shenping in Japan, Arita discovered the porcelain clay in Japan and successfully burned blue and white porcelain, proclaiming the coming of the white porcelain era. Japanese porcelain really flourished until the 1750s. In 1644, due to the entry of the Qing army, China was caught in war, and the export of Chinese porcelain was stagnant. Japanese porcelain took the opportunity to become the market darling. Since 1658, Japan has become an important exporter of porcelain to Asia, the Persian Gulf and the European market.
Today, Japan is still a world-class ceramic power. Japan's pottery is relatively developed, and there are quite a large number of professional ceramic artists. Japan's daily-use ceramics have a large market share in the world's high-end market. In addition, Japan has been at the forefront of the world in the field of materials science, especially in the high-tech ceramic materials, leading and prominent position. In general, Japan, Europe, and even China have little difference in the level of ceramic materials research, but Japan has an absolute leading edge in the world in the field of new ceramic materials.
The Japanese ceramic industry has the following characteristics:
In terms of raw materials, due to insufficient supply of domestic ceramic raw materials, the number of imported ceramic raw materials from Japanese ceramics companies has increased year by year. For example, plastic kaolin raw materials need to be imported from South Korea and New Zealand, and the import volume has reached more than 50% of total imports. In addition, the amount of kaolin raw materials imported from the UK and China has increased year by year. With the import of raw materials, the cost of products increases, forcing companies to produce high value-added products and improve the quality of their products. In the development and utilization of ceramic raw materials, Japan is no longer limited to satisfying the production of ordinary pottery and porcelain products in the past, but emphasizes more to meet the functions and uses of daily-use ceramics, such as enhancing the antibacterial properties of ceramic tableware, emphasizing the sanitary porcelain. The anti-fouling and water-saving effects of the products; in the development of new products, they pay attention to the improvement of environmental protection standards and the effects of human health care, such as the planning and treatment of pollution caused by lead and cadmium dissolution of glazes and pigments. For example, Japan's Toto Corporation combines Japan's advantages in new materials and electronics with ceramics to take advantage of electronic technology and artificial intelligence. Its sanitary brand TOTO has become the world's top brand of sanitary ware.
Japanese porcelain has changed a lot in shape, decoration, color and function. It is unmatched by Japanese porcelain and Germany. According to its material science advantages, it has developed high-plasticity artificial clay to reduce the difficulty of molding. To speed up design and development, Japan has not only realized computerization, but is also implementing design materialization, that is, adopting CAD/CAM language of computers and using new manufacturing technologies such as light modeling. 3 Japanese ceramic production technology and technical equipment have basically completed high-tech transformation such as automation and intelligent, such as continuous automatic raw material processing, high-strength magnetic iron removal process, isostatic pressing and hydroforming process, automatic glazing, automatic drying and even full Automatic control of firing technology, etc. Except for a few processes that have yet to be perfected, all parts that can be replaced by mechanical means are fully automated.
The European ceramics industry has 1,500 companies in the European Community, architectural porcelain, daily-use porcelain and sanitary porcelain industry, employing about 200,000 people. Building porcelain is the most important industry, accounting for 60% of annual sales of 14,000 MECU, and the remaining daily-use porcelain and sanitary porcelain are basically average. Daily porcelain and sanitary porcelain also have some concentrated production areas, but unlike architectural porcelain and sanitary porcelain production, which is concentrated in a small number of multinational companies, daily-use porcelain production is distributed in more than 100 independent production enterprises in Europe. The strong vitality of the European traditional ceramic industry lies in the continuous innovation of production processes and products. European machinery and equipment are sold all over the world. Although almost every country can produce ceramic equipment, its quality is not as good as that of European products.
British ceramics British daily porcelain production accounts for a quarter of Europe, and the origin of bone china is in the UK. British bone china is expensive, and its famous brands Royal Dalton and Wichiwood have a set of 20 pieces of tableware to sell for 3,000 euros. The product is also beautiful and amazing.
British sanitary porcelain and Germany and Spain together account for one-third of Europe; the United Kingdom, Spain and France share 20% of the world's daily and sanitary ceramics equipment market. In the UK, the ceramics industry has a wide range of products, which can be broadly divided into three categories: household goods, construction supplies and industrial supplies. Ceramics or parts are used in many basic industries, such as construction, energy production and use, transportation and entertainment. The UK has adopted a policy of restricting development in the building ceramics industry. In 2006, the import volume was 66 million square meters, ranking the fifth in the world's importing countries.
The sales of specific products in the British ceramic industry are as follows. Tableware, etc.: sales of 541 million pounds, of which imports accounted for 229 million pounds; sanitary ware, etc.: sales of 199 million pounds, of which imports accounted for 67 million pounds; ceramic tiles: sales of 100 million pounds, of which imports accounted for 2.34 Billion pounds. In the past few years, the British ceramics market has remained stable, market sales have remained at around 2 billion pounds, and the share of ceramic imports has been increasing. The sales of specific ceramic products are different. For example, tableware, refractory materials and industrial supplies are exported more, and their exports account for about 50% of the total annual sales, while the international transaction volume of building materials such as bricks, tiles and pipes is small. From the perspective of imported countries, most of the products in Italy and Spain, and the construction of sanitary ceramics products in China and other countries in the East have rarely entered the country, but the export of Chinese art ceramics to the United Kingdom has considerable weight.
German ceramics Germany's daily-use porcelain production accounts for a quarter of Europe's production. In 2004, the turnover of tableware was 557 million euros, of which domestic sales were 287 million euros and exports were 270 million euros. Sanitary porcelain and the United Kingdom and Spain together account for one-third of Europe, Germany's daily-use porcelain and sanitary porcelain industrial equipment accounts for 80% of the world's market share, and the other 205 is shared by the United Kingdom, Spain and France. Germany has adopted a policy of restricting development in the building ceramics industry. In 2006, the import volume was 87 million square meters, ranking the third in the world's importing countries.
The quality of the ashes porcelain produced in Germany is very good. Although the price is high, it is competitive in the market and is very popular. Each piece of ashes porcelain coffee cup is 14.80 mark (1 US dollar to 1.73 mark), the earthenware cup is 23.9 mark, the ashes porcelain 15 tea set 1098 mark, the embossed small cup and saucer 78 mark, the big soup cup and saucer (extension) 32.5 mark, The fine art of the statue is 359 marks, which is 10 centimeters tall. It is equivalent to 217 dollars, and the sculpture figure of 25 centimeters high is 2,697 marks, which is priced at 1,625 dollars. The price is astonishingly high.
French ceramics production of French sanitary porcelain accounts for one-fifth of the state of Europe, sharing another 20% of the ceramic equipment market with the UK and Spain. France's daily-use porcelain is a world-class porcelain-powered country after its production in Europe, Germany and Germany. Its famous world brands include Hermès, CHRISTOFLE, ARDAUD, and Taru.
France's Cerlim France is a company specializing in the production of ceramic equipment. The ceramic equipment is advanced in technology, and the British royal porcelain factory uses the ceramic equipment produced by the company. An isostatic press is $250,000 and can produce 130 products per hour.
Italian ceramic industry Italy is the world's first-class ceramics. Its daily-use porcelain production accounts for a quarter of Europe's production. Architectural porcelain production accounts for about 50% of total European production, and sanitary porcelain production is close to one-third of Europe. In addition, the Italian building ceramics industry equipment has a leading position in the world. In addition to the complete range of ceramics in Italy, the ceramic industry chain is very complete, the industrial division of labor is fine, and all links are well developed.
There are nearly 270 ceramic wall and floor tiles companies in the Italian tile industry. These companies have 317 factories and 721 kiln with 29,084 employees. In 2006, the output reached 570 million square meters and the total turnover reached 5.5 billion euros. Exports reached 70% of total sales.
Spanish ceramics Spain's construction porcelain production accounts for about one-third of total European production, and about 80% of ceramic tiles are concentrated in developed regions (castellon). Sanitary porcelain, together with Germany and the United Kingdom, accounts for one-third of Europe and shares 20% of the world's daily and sanitary ceramics equipment market with the UK and France.
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