In recent years, with the large-scale use of pesticides, the pollution of fruit and orchard environment has become more and more serious. The contradiction between pest control and pesticide pollution has become an urgent problem in fruit tree production. Improve the quality of fruit and control the production of pesticides. Pollution-free fruits and green fruits are a top priority. We investigated the use of pesticides and pesticides in the city, and initially grasped the outstanding problems in the use of pesticides and the pollution status of pesticides in the orchard environment and summarized a set of countermeasures.
First, the outstanding problems in the use of pesticides
1. Poor selection of varieties In some fruit trees in Changzhi City, some fruit farmers deliberately chose pesticides with high spectrum of insecticidal (bacteria) and high killing rate to cause damage to non-targeted organisms and interfere with the balance between biological populations. The diversity of orchard organisms reduces the natural control of beneficial organisms resulting in increased pest blooms and increased frequency of recurrence.
2. The method of use is not scientific, the whole garden spray is more, and the concealed application and local application are less; the use of the insects is unreasonable during the period of use; the pesticide performance, the control object and the orchard ecological environment are randomly compounded and mixed with pesticides, which generally leads to control effect. Unsatisfactory effective utilization of pesticides.
3. Blindly increase the dosage and frequency of pesticide use. Many fruit farmers do not use weighing devices. It is estimated by experience or bottle caps that some drugs are used to treat drugs or to emulate other people's scientific drugs. The outstanding consequence is that the degree of pollution of agricultural products and the environment is correspondingly aggravated.
4. Ignore the safety interval of pesticides to ensure that pesticides do not contaminate the fruit and cause damage to the fruit trees. There is a corresponding safety interval for all kinds of pesticides on the registered fruit trees. In fact, half of the farmers in the actual production do not know what is the cause of pesticide poisoning in some pesticides. This is a common occurrence of pesticide poisoning caused by excessive pesticide residues.
5. The application of pesticides is backward. At present, the pesticides used in orchards in the city are still relatively low. The phenomenon of “running, taking off, dripping and leaking†is generally not conducive to the safety of the applicator, nor to the improvement of the efficacy and the serious loss of pesticides.
Second, the application of pesticides to the pollution of the orchard environment
1. The effect of pesticides on fruit trees A part of the pesticide remains after being applied to the foliage and the surface of the fruit penetrates into the stratum corneum or tissue of the fruit tree, causing different degrees of phytotoxicity. Acute phytotoxicity can cause spots, yellowing, chlorosis, wilt, leaf rolling, defoliation, fruit drop, and constricted clusters in leaves and fruits. Chronic phytotoxicity can weaken flower bud formation and fruit ripening to delay taste and color deterioration. It even led to the death of fruit trees.
2. Effects of pesticides on soil Some pesticides directly enter the soil and are adsorbed by soil particles after application; the pesticides in the atmosphere and the pesticides on the fruit trees are washed by rainwater and fall into the soil to directly or indirectly contact the soil microorganisms to kill the soil. Microorganisms thus affect the soil's maturity and permeability, destroying soil structure and soil fertility affecting fruit tree growth and development.
A portion of the pesticide 3. Effect of pesticides on water and air sprayed scattered orchards portion remaining in the litter or in the soil by rain flushing or irrigation enter ditches, ponds, lakes, rivers polluted waters influence growth and development of aquatic organisms. At the same time, pesticide particles move with the wind to pollute the air.
4. The effect of pesticides on orchard insects While killing pests, pesticides also kill natural enemies and destroy the ecological chain to destroy the ecological balance of the orchard and make the pests resistant. This leads to a sharp increase in the population of pests. Some secondary pests quickly developed into major pests due to the dramatic reduction in the number of natural enemies. Secondly, most pesticides have a killing effect on bees.
5. The impact of pesticides on humans and animals During the application process, pesticides can directly enter the human and animal body through the respiratory tract, skin and digestive tract, causing direct harm. On the other hand, pesticide residues in fruits, soil and water enter the human and animal body through diet or food chain, causing indirect harm. . Both have a great impact on human and animal health.
Third, the countermeasures to control pesticide pollution
(1) Actively prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases of fruit trees
A selection of excellent pest resistant rootstock and varieties suited to local conditions to choose local climatic conditions, soil conditions, disease resistance, stress resistance, high yield and strong healthy seedlings may reduce the incidence of pests and diseases to reduce the number of anti fundamentally. Such as apple rootstocks anti-M-based Compass varieties resistant to woolly apple aphid early defoliation disease of the stator Hill Red Hill pear rootstock anti-rot anti-scab, rust strawberry incense Fortunately, resistance to powdery mildew double red nectarine anti-bacterial shot hole, scab. In addition, some trees will create favorable conditions for the occurrence of diseases and insects when planted together. These varieties should avoid mixing such as apples, pears, and peaches. It is not advisable to mix apples and pears in urban and rural areas. It is not advisable to plant cypress trees. It is not suitable to build mulberry gardens near orchards.
2. Strengthen management and enhance tree resistance. Through reasonable fertilization and irrigation, fine repairing, thinning and fruit thinning, fruit bagging, and ploughing of orchard soil, the tree potential is enhanced to increase the resistance of the tree itself.
3. Strengthen forecasting and forecasting to grasp the early stage of key periods and prevent and control according to the law of pests and diseases and past experience. Keep track of the dynamics of pests and diseases and get ready for prevention and control.
(2) Reduce the application of chemical pesticides
1. The use of effective physical measures to combat pests such as pest elimination bark scraping, planing Shupan, manual capture, according to the cleaning orchard pest damage characteristics and habits of using physical means. In addition, pests can be used to induce the strong tropism of certain substances or conditions. For example, the use of sexual attractants to kill and kill the peaches, the small leaf moth, the golden moth, etc., using sweet and sour liquid to trap the pear heartworm, apple small heartworm, etc. The light traps a variety of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and the stalks of the stalks of the genus Corydalis.
2. Vigorously promote biotechnology to eliminate pests and diseases. Many pests have their own natural enemies such as the ladybug, the ladybug, the ladybug, the natural enemies of the aphids, and the six-pointed pupae can control the hawthorn on the fruit trees. The wasp, the majority of the legs, the bee, the parasitic peach, the bee, the bee, the bee, the natural enemies of the pear, the sun bee, the apple, the red-eyed bee, the apple leaf beetle, the pear, and the small heartworm. In order to give full play to the role of natural enemies, the types of drugs should be strictly controlled during the period of natural enemies. At the same time, forage grasses and honey-sourced plants (such as alfalfa) should be planted in the orchard to attract natural enemies or artificial breeding. The introduction of natural enemies will increase the number of natural enemies and restore their self-control ability. At the same time, try to apply biological pesticides. Biological pesticides, including microorganisms, animal sources and plant-derived pesticides, are non-polluting and free of residues after application. Fruit currently available on the biological pesticide mainly agricultural antibiotic 120, polyoxin, Liuyangmycin, caterpillar fungus, Beauveria bassiana, Bt, pyrethrin, matrine, nicotine, diflubenzuron 3 and the like.
3. Use of mineral-derived pesticides to control pests and minerals. Sulfur preparations and copper preparations in the production of pesticides can be used in the production of fruit trees, mainly using sulphur sulphur and Bordeaux. Lime sulfur bactericidal, insecticidal, acaricidal action generally dormant period and at the beginning of fruit growth administration; Bordeaux mixture can prevent a variety of diseases have many pest repellent effect and ovicidal activity generally administered late in fruit growth. However, peach trees are sensitive to sulphur sulphur and some organic sulphur preparations. They are applied in the dormant and flowering stages. For example, in the growing season, it is necessary to strictly control the application concentration and avoid the high temperature, otherwise it may cause the leaves to perforate and the fruit surface is rough and shrink. . In addition, the peach tree is particularly sensitive to copper preparations and is susceptible to phytotoxicity. It is not possible to spray a copper preparation such as a lotion on the peach tree.
(3) Safe and rational application of chemical pesticides
1. Obey the guidelines for the production of pollution-free fruits and produce green fruits. Chemical control drugs According to the biological characteristics and harmful characteristics of the control objects, the use of moderately toxic plant-derived pesticides, biogenic pesticides and animal-derived pesticides in mineral-derived pesticides is permitted. Sulfur preparations and copper preparations use limitedly low-toxic pesticides and moderately toxic pesticides that are organically synthesized to prohibit the application of highly toxic, highly toxic, high-residue or "trio"-toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic) pesticides.
2. Strictly follow the pesticide safety interval and strictly follow the instructions. Each organic synthetic pesticide is only allowed to be applied once during the growth period of a crop. It is forbidden to apply any chemical pesticides 30 days before fruit picking to ensure that pesticide residues in the fruit do not exceed the standard.
3. The timely and appropriate dose of the disease should be prevented before it has not yet developed or has not spread before the onset of the disease. The control of pests should be carried out when the number of pests reaches the control index, when the pests have the weakest vitality (in the young stage), before the pests are concealed, during the period of strong resistance of the fruit trees (mid-late period and dormant period), avoiding the peak period of natural enemies, and selecting Good weather and medication. When using the drug, it is necessary to strictly control the dose and concentration of the pesticide within the effective concentration range to prevent it with a low concentration drug.
4. Improve the drug-using technology according to the local fruit tree pests and diseases occurrence rules combined with pests and diseases forecast and forecast, formulate a comprehensive plan for the chemical control of orchard pests and diseases, to achieve a variety of pests and diseases can not cure, can not be treated, can not be treated, not effective, do not spray multiple times Minimize the application of chemical pesticides to effectively reduce the environmental pollution of toxic chemical pesticides.
5. Promote advanced and practical new types of medical equipment to promote new types of medical equipment to solve the problem of "run, run, drip, leak" to prevent workers from producing pesticide poisoning accidents. At the same time, safely dispose of unused or discarded pesticides, unwashed containers and pesticide packaging to avoid environmental pollution.
First, the outstanding problems in the use of pesticides
1. Poor selection of varieties In some fruit trees in Changzhi City, some fruit farmers deliberately chose pesticides with high spectrum of insecticidal (bacteria) and high killing rate to cause damage to non-targeted organisms and interfere with the balance between biological populations. The diversity of orchard organisms reduces the natural control of beneficial organisms resulting in increased pest blooms and increased frequency of recurrence.
2. The method of use is not scientific, the whole garden spray is more, and the concealed application and local application are less; the use of the insects is unreasonable during the period of use; the pesticide performance, the control object and the orchard ecological environment are randomly compounded and mixed with pesticides, which generally leads to control effect. Unsatisfactory effective utilization of pesticides.
3. Blindly increase the dosage and frequency of pesticide use. Many fruit farmers do not use weighing devices. It is estimated by experience or bottle caps that some drugs are used to treat drugs or to emulate other people's scientific drugs. The outstanding consequence is that the degree of pollution of agricultural products and the environment is correspondingly aggravated.
4. Ignore the safety interval of pesticides to ensure that pesticides do not contaminate the fruit and cause damage to the fruit trees. There is a corresponding safety interval for all kinds of pesticides on the registered fruit trees. In fact, half of the farmers in the actual production do not know what is the cause of pesticide poisoning in some pesticides. This is a common occurrence of pesticide poisoning caused by excessive pesticide residues.
5. The application of pesticides is backward. At present, the pesticides used in orchards in the city are still relatively low. The phenomenon of “running, taking off, dripping and leaking†is generally not conducive to the safety of the applicator, nor to the improvement of the efficacy and the serious loss of pesticides.
Second, the application of pesticides to the pollution of the orchard environment
1. The effect of pesticides on fruit trees A part of the pesticide remains after being applied to the foliage and the surface of the fruit penetrates into the stratum corneum or tissue of the fruit tree, causing different degrees of phytotoxicity. Acute phytotoxicity can cause spots, yellowing, chlorosis, wilt, leaf rolling, defoliation, fruit drop, and constricted clusters in leaves and fruits. Chronic phytotoxicity can weaken flower bud formation and fruit ripening to delay taste and color deterioration. It even led to the death of fruit trees.
2. Effects of pesticides on soil Some pesticides directly enter the soil and are adsorbed by soil particles after application; the pesticides in the atmosphere and the pesticides on the fruit trees are washed by rainwater and fall into the soil to directly or indirectly contact the soil microorganisms to kill the soil. Microorganisms thus affect the soil's maturity and permeability, destroying soil structure and soil fertility affecting fruit tree growth and development.
A portion of the pesticide 3. Effect of pesticides on water and air sprayed scattered orchards portion remaining in the litter or in the soil by rain flushing or irrigation enter ditches, ponds, lakes, rivers polluted waters influence growth and development of aquatic organisms. At the same time, pesticide particles move with the wind to pollute the air.
4. The effect of pesticides on orchard insects While killing pests, pesticides also kill natural enemies and destroy the ecological chain to destroy the ecological balance of the orchard and make the pests resistant. This leads to a sharp increase in the population of pests. Some secondary pests quickly developed into major pests due to the dramatic reduction in the number of natural enemies. Secondly, most pesticides have a killing effect on bees.
5. The impact of pesticides on humans and animals During the application process, pesticides can directly enter the human and animal body through the respiratory tract, skin and digestive tract, causing direct harm. On the other hand, pesticide residues in fruits, soil and water enter the human and animal body through diet or food chain, causing indirect harm. . Both have a great impact on human and animal health.
Third, the countermeasures to control pesticide pollution
(1) Actively prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases of fruit trees
A selection of excellent pest resistant rootstock and varieties suited to local conditions to choose local climatic conditions, soil conditions, disease resistance, stress resistance, high yield and strong healthy seedlings may reduce the incidence of pests and diseases to reduce the number of anti fundamentally. Such as apple rootstocks anti-M-based Compass varieties resistant to woolly apple aphid early defoliation disease of the stator Hill Red Hill pear rootstock anti-rot anti-scab, rust strawberry incense Fortunately, resistance to powdery mildew double red nectarine anti-bacterial shot hole, scab. In addition, some trees will create favorable conditions for the occurrence of diseases and insects when planted together. These varieties should avoid mixing such as apples, pears, and peaches. It is not advisable to mix apples and pears in urban and rural areas. It is not advisable to plant cypress trees. It is not suitable to build mulberry gardens near orchards.
2. Strengthen management and enhance tree resistance. Through reasonable fertilization and irrigation, fine repairing, thinning and fruit thinning, fruit bagging, and ploughing of orchard soil, the tree potential is enhanced to increase the resistance of the tree itself.
3. Strengthen forecasting and forecasting to grasp the early stage of key periods and prevent and control according to the law of pests and diseases and past experience. Keep track of the dynamics of pests and diseases and get ready for prevention and control.
(2) Reduce the application of chemical pesticides
1. The use of effective physical measures to combat pests such as pest elimination bark scraping, planing Shupan, manual capture, according to the cleaning orchard pest damage characteristics and habits of using physical means. In addition, pests can be used to induce the strong tropism of certain substances or conditions. For example, the use of sexual attractants to kill and kill the peaches, the small leaf moth, the golden moth, etc., using sweet and sour liquid to trap the pear heartworm, apple small heartworm, etc. The light traps a variety of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other species of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and the stalks of the stalks of the genus Corydalis.
2. Vigorously promote biotechnology to eliminate pests and diseases. Many pests have their own natural enemies such as the ladybug, the ladybug, the ladybug, the natural enemies of the aphids, and the six-pointed pupae can control the hawthorn on the fruit trees. The wasp, the majority of the legs, the bee, the parasitic peach, the bee, the bee, the bee, the natural enemies of the pear, the sun bee, the apple, the red-eyed bee, the apple leaf beetle, the pear, and the small heartworm. In order to give full play to the role of natural enemies, the types of drugs should be strictly controlled during the period of natural enemies. At the same time, forage grasses and honey-sourced plants (such as alfalfa) should be planted in the orchard to attract natural enemies or artificial breeding. The introduction of natural enemies will increase the number of natural enemies and restore their self-control ability. At the same time, try to apply biological pesticides. Biological pesticides, including microorganisms, animal sources and plant-derived pesticides, are non-polluting and free of residues after application. Fruit currently available on the biological pesticide mainly agricultural antibiotic 120, polyoxin, Liuyangmycin, caterpillar fungus, Beauveria bassiana, Bt, pyrethrin, matrine, nicotine, diflubenzuron 3 and the like.
3. Use of mineral-derived pesticides to control pests and minerals. Sulfur preparations and copper preparations in the production of pesticides can be used in the production of fruit trees, mainly using sulphur sulphur and Bordeaux. Lime sulfur bactericidal, insecticidal, acaricidal action generally dormant period and at the beginning of fruit growth administration; Bordeaux mixture can prevent a variety of diseases have many pest repellent effect and ovicidal activity generally administered late in fruit growth. However, peach trees are sensitive to sulphur sulphur and some organic sulphur preparations. They are applied in the dormant and flowering stages. For example, in the growing season, it is necessary to strictly control the application concentration and avoid the high temperature, otherwise it may cause the leaves to perforate and the fruit surface is rough and shrink. . In addition, the peach tree is particularly sensitive to copper preparations and is susceptible to phytotoxicity. It is not possible to spray a copper preparation such as a lotion on the peach tree.
(3) Safe and rational application of chemical pesticides
1. Obey the guidelines for the production of pollution-free fruits and produce green fruits. Chemical control drugs According to the biological characteristics and harmful characteristics of the control objects, the use of moderately toxic plant-derived pesticides, biogenic pesticides and animal-derived pesticides in mineral-derived pesticides is permitted. Sulfur preparations and copper preparations use limitedly low-toxic pesticides and moderately toxic pesticides that are organically synthesized to prohibit the application of highly toxic, highly toxic, high-residue or "trio"-toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic) pesticides.
2. Strictly follow the pesticide safety interval and strictly follow the instructions. Each organic synthetic pesticide is only allowed to be applied once during the growth period of a crop. It is forbidden to apply any chemical pesticides 30 days before fruit picking to ensure that pesticide residues in the fruit do not exceed the standard.
3. The timely and appropriate dose of the disease should be prevented before it has not yet developed or has not spread before the onset of the disease. The control of pests should be carried out when the number of pests reaches the control index, when the pests have the weakest vitality (in the young stage), before the pests are concealed, during the period of strong resistance of the fruit trees (mid-late period and dormant period), avoiding the peak period of natural enemies, and selecting Good weather and medication. When using the drug, it is necessary to strictly control the dose and concentration of the pesticide within the effective concentration range to prevent it with a low concentration drug.
4. Improve the drug-using technology according to the local fruit tree pests and diseases occurrence rules combined with pests and diseases forecast and forecast, formulate a comprehensive plan for the chemical control of orchard pests and diseases, to achieve a variety of pests and diseases can not cure, can not be treated, can not be treated, not effective, do not spray multiple times Minimize the application of chemical pesticides to effectively reduce the environmental pollution of toxic chemical pesticides.
5. Promote advanced and practical new types of medical equipment to promote new types of medical equipment to solve the problem of "run, run, drip, leak" to prevent workers from producing pesticide poisoning accidents. At the same time, safely dispose of unused or discarded pesticides, unwashed containers and pesticide packaging to avoid environmental pollution.
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