1, soybean cake
Soybean cake contains harmful substances such as antitrypsin, urease, hemagglutinin, saponin, goiter-inducing factor and anti-coagulation factor. However, these substances are not heat-resistant, and generally these materials can be removed by heat treatment at 100 ° C - 110 ° C for 3 to 5 minutes before feeding. Note that the heating time should not be too long and the temperature should not be too high, otherwise it will reduce the feed value of the protein.
2, flaxseed cake
The flaxseed cake contains cyanogenic glycosides. When cyanogenic glycosides enter the body, they will hydrolyze under the action of lipolytic enzyme to produce hydrocyanic acid, which will cause poisoning of livestock and poultry. Flaxseed cake should be attenuated when used as feed . The commonly used method is: crush the flaxseed cake, add 4 to 5 times warm water, soak for 8 to 12 hours, drain the water, add a proper amount of water to boil for 1 hour, stir constantly to open the lid while cooking, and add vinegar In order to make the hydrogen cyanide as volatile as possible.
3, rapeseed
The rapeseed cake contains sinacin, which can be hydrolyzed into toxic substances under the catalysis of mustard enzyme. The detoxification method of rapeseed cake is: 1
The rapeseed cake is pulverized, then boiled or steamed, and maintained at a temperature of 100 ° C - 110 ° C for 1 hour to deactivate the mustard enzyme. When using this method, pay attention to the heating time should not be too long, in order to prevent the protein feeding value; and strictly control the feeding amount, because glucosinolate is still present in the rapeseed cake, it may be affected by other sources of mustard enzyme and intestinal tract The catalytic decomposition of enzymes produced by microorganisms in the feed continues to produce toxic components. 2
Since glucosinolate is water-soluble, it can be immersed in cold water or warm water at about 40 ° C for 2 to 4 days, and water is changed once a day, so that part of sinigrin can be removed. However, the nutrient loss of this method is very large. 3
Each ration of rapeseed cake with 4.7-5 parts of concentrated ammonia, or 3.5 parts of soda ash powder, diluted with water, sprayed evenly into the cake, covered for 3 to 5 hours, and then steamed for 40-50 minutes in the steamer; Dried or dried in the sun and stored for use.
Choose a place with a sunny, dry, and high ground temperature, and dig a pit with a width of 0.8 m, a depth of 0.7 to 1 m, and a length according to the number of rapeseed cakes. The rapeseed cake is pulverized and 1 kg of water cake is added with 1 kg of water and snow. After soaking in the soft foam, it is put into the pit. The top and bottom are covered with a layer of grass, and the top cover soil is 20 cm or more. After 2 months, the feed can be taken out. 5
The rapeseed cake and the green fodder are simultaneously silaged and fed; or they can be fed first, and the water is not consumed after feeding. Although the detoxification treatment is carried out, the feeding amount of rapeseed cake should be strictly controlled so as not to exceed 10% of the diet.
4, cottonseed cake
Cottonseed cake is easy to cause poisoning of livestock and poultry because it contains free gossypol. The common detoxification method for cottonseed cake is: 1
Add the amount of plant ash or quicklime to 100 kg of clean water and mix well. After the sedimentation, take the cottonseed cake soaked in the supernatant, the proportion of cake liquid is 2:1, soak for 24 hours and then use the filtrate of water for 3~4 times to feed. 2
Add 1.2-1.5 kg of ferrous sulfate per 100 kg of soil-squeezed cotton seed cake, and add only 0.15-0.2 kg of machine-pressed mash, and then soak it in the appropriate amount of water for 4-6 hours to feed. 3
Spray evenly on the cottonseed cake powder with 2% ammonium bicarbonate or 1% urea solution. Mix well when the water content of the cake powder reaches 15%, then seal it with plastic film for 24 hours, then feed. . 4
Spray 15 kg of 15% soda ash solution on 100 kg cottonseed cake, mix well and seal with plastic film for 5 hours, then steam for 50 minutes to dry; or soak in water with a concentration of 1% sodium hydroxide solution 3~4 After a few hours, drain the solution, rinse with water, and allow to dry. Cook at a high temperature of 110 ° C for 3 to 5 minutes.
5, peanut cake
Peanut cake itself has no toxins, but improper storage can easily infect aflatoxins and cause poisoning of livestock and poultry. If the peanut cake is infected with aflatoxin, it must be detoxified before feeding the livestock. The commonly used methods of detoxification are: 1
The contaminated peanut cake is crushed and placed in a cylinder, and 5-8 times of water is added, stirred, left to stand, and then allowed to settle, and then water is changed several times until the soaked water is colorless. This method is only applicable to mildly mild feeds. For safety reasons, the detoxified feed should still be used in conjunction with other feeds, and the feed should be limited. 2
Soak and rinse the infected peanut cake with a saturated aqueous solution of lime for 3 times, then rinse repeatedly with water. 3
The infected peanut cake was baked at 150 ° C for 30 minutes or irradiated with mildewed peanuts for 14 hours, and 80% to 90% of the aflatoxin was removed. 4
Seal the moldy peanut cake in a smoked can or plastic film bag to make the moisture content more than 18%. Fumigation with ammonia for 10 hours can reduce the aflatoxin content by 90% to 95%. 5
Add 5% of quicklime to the mildewed peanut cake, and the detoxification rate can reach 90% to 99%.
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